Décès de Joseph Ki-Zerbo

Burkina Faso - Joseph Ki-Zerbo, un érudit épris de liberté politique


Le professeur Joseph Ki-Zerbo sera inhumé dans son village natal de Toma.(Photo : Alpha Barry/RFI)

L’intellectuel africain et opposant burkinabè Joseph Ki-Zerbo est décédé lundi matin à son domicile de Ouagadougou des suites d'une maladie. A 84 ans, cet agrégé d’Histoire a connu l’une des plus longues carrières politiques commencée dans les années 50.

Historien ou homme politique ? Il est difficile de définir le professeur Joseph Ki-Zerbo tant l’homme s'est illustré dans l’un ou l’autre métier.  Premier agrégé africain d’histoire, Ki-Zerbo a en effet consacré plus de 50 ans de sa vie à la politique, le plus souvent dans  l’opposition.

Né en 1922, originaire de Toma dans la province du Nayala (centre-ouest du Burkina), Ki-Zerbo se lance très tôt dans la politique. En 1958, il crée avec d’autres camarades africains comme le Sénégalais Cheick Amidou Kane ou le Béninois Albert Tévoédjré sa première formation politique, le Mouvement de libération nationale (MLN). Au référendum sur la création d’une communauté française organisé la même année dans les colonies africaines de la France par le général de Gaulle, le MLN est l’un des rares partis à battre campagne pour le non, c’est-à-dire pour l’indépendance immédiate.

Dans la Haute-Volta de l'époque (aujourd’hui Burkina Faso), le oui à de Gaulle l’emporte. Joseph Ki-Zerbo et ses camarades partent alors rejoindre Sékou Touré en Guinée, le seul pays à avoir massivement pour le non. A l’indépendance de la Haute-Volta en 1960, il retourne dans son pays pour enseigner et reprendre son combat politique. Ki-Zerbo sera très actif dans le mouvement de contestation populaire qui fait chuter en 1966 Maurice Yaméogo, le premier président de la Haute Volta.

«Quand on se couche, on est mort»

En 1970, lors des premières législatives multipartites, il est élu député sous la bannière de son parti, le MLN. En 1978, il est candidat du même parti à la première élection présidentielle de l’histoire de la Haute-Volta. Mais il est éliminé dès le premier tour. Une fois de plus, cette expérience démocratique sera abrégée par un coup d’Etat militaire. En 1983, Joseph Ki-Zerbo est contraint à l’exil par le pouvoir révolutionnaire du capitaine Thomas Sankara. Il vit à Dakar où il est titulaire de la chaire d’Histoire de l’université Cheick Anta Diop. Pendant ce temps à Ouagadougou, sa bibliothèque constituée de plus de 11 000 ouvrages est incendiée.

Le vieil opposant rentre au pays en 1992 et se fait élire député avant de réactiver sa formation politique mais cette fois sous l’appellation de  PDP. Le parti prendra plus tard le nom de PDP/PS après une fusion avec une autre formation de l’opposition. Le dernier combat politique de Joseph Ki-Zerbo aura été la lutte contre l’impunité au sein du Collectif créé au lendemain de l’assassinat du journaliste Norbert Zongo en 1998. Grand orateur, aimant les formules et proverbes africains, le vieux professeur savait galvaniser les foules. Sa formule en dioula «nan lara, an sara, [quand on se couche, on est mort]» prononcée au cours des meetings de protestation dans l’affaire Norbert Zongo est devenu aujourd’hui un slogan de mobilisation pour les syndicats burkinabè. Le dernier acte politique de Joseph Ki-Zerbo fut sa démission de l’Assemblée nationale en août dernier. Il avait quitté la direction de son parti en  février 2005 pour cause de maladie. La même maladie qui l’a emporté lundi matin.

Premier Africain agrégé d'Histoire

A côté de l’homme politique Ki-Zerbo, il y a le grand intellectuel bien connu en Afrique et dans le monde. Ki-Zerbo est en effet le premier Africain agrégé d’Histoire à la Sorbonne à Paris. Ancien patron du Conseil africain et malgache pour l’enseignement supérieur (CAMES), il a enseigné dans plusieurs universités africaines et françaises. Auteur de nombreux livres sur le développement endogène, il a été le directeur scientifique des deux volumes de l'Histoire générale de l'Afrique, publié par l'Unesco. Depuis leur publication, ces derniers ouvrages sont devenus «la bible» des étudiants africains en Histoire.

Joseph Ki-Zerbo a obtenu en 1997 le Prix Nobel Alternatif, le prix Kadhafi pour les droits de l’homme en 2000 et en 2004 le prix RFI Témoins du monde. Depuis l’annonce de son décès, des parents, amis, alliés et même ses anciens adversaires politiques défilent à son domicile pour saluer la mémoire du grand disparu dont la sa dépouille mortelle sera transportée jeudi dans le village où il est né le 21 juin 1922, Toma, dans la province du Nayala, à l'ouest du Burkina, pour y être inhumée.

par Alpha Barry
Article publié sur RFI.fr le 05/12/2006

New crops needed to avoid famines

BBC online: Sunday, 3 December 2006, 21:27 GMT  - By Richard Black


Experimental biotech rice strains can survive prolonged submergence

The global network of agricultural research centres warns that famines lie ahead unless new crop strains adapted to a warmer future are developed.

The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) says yields of existing varieties will fall.

New forecasts say warming will shrink South Asia's wheat area by half.

CGIAR is announcing plans to accelerate efforts aimed at developing new strains of staple crops including maize, wheat, rice and sorghum.

At the network's annual meeting in Washington, scientists will also report on measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from farmland.

We're talking about the return to large-scale famines in developing countries - Louis Verchot

CGIAR links 15 non-profit research institutes around the world working mainly on agriculture in developing countries and the tropics.

"We're talking about a major challenge here," said Louis Verchot of the World Agroforestry Centre (Icraf) in Kenya, a member institute of CGIAR.

"We're talking about challenges that have to be dealt with at every level, from ideas about social justice to the technology of food production," he told the BBC News website.

"We're talking about large scale human migration and the return to large-scale famines in developing countries, something which we decided 40 or 50 years ago was unacceptable and did something about."

Raining problems

The most significant impact of climate change on agriculture is probably changes in rainfall. Some regions are forecast to receive more rain, others to receive less; above all, it will become more variable.


The water supply to farms will become more variable in future

But increasing temperatures can also affect crops. Photosynthesis slows down as the thermometer rises, which also slows the plants' growth and capacity to reproduce.

Research published two years ago shows rice yields are declining by 10% for every degree Celsius increase in night-time temperature.

A study from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (Cimmyt) in Mexico, yet to be published, projects a major decline in South Asia's wheat yield. The vast Indo-Gangetic plain produces about 15% of the world's wheat - but the area suitable for growing is forecast to shrink by about half over the next 50 years, even as the number of mouths to feed increases.

"The livelihoods of billions of people in developing countries, particularly those in the tropics, will be severely challenged as crop yields decline due to shorter growing seasons," said Robert Zeigler, Director General of the International Rice Research Institute (Irri), a CGIAR affiliate.

Conversely, rising temperatures will open up areas of the world which are currently too cold for crop cultivation, in regions such as Siberia and northern North America. And the same Cimmyt study forecasts that wheat will become viable in parts of Alaska.

How warming may shift wheat-growing in North America

But the CGIAR figures suggest that extra yield from these regions will not fill the shortfall in the tropics - added to which there are questions of how poorer tropical countries will afford to buy food from richer temperate states.

All this means, CGIAR says, that research into the technological, social and economic dimensions of future farming needs to accelerate.

Climate-proof crops

Boosting photosynthesis of rice is like supercharging a car engine - John Sheehy

Within the CGIAR network, various research initiatives are already under way to develop "climate-proof" varieties.

Scientists at Irri in the Philippines have developed strains which can survive floods of several weeks. Serious flooding is forecast to worsen in some Asian countries, notably Bangladesh.

Conversely, some already arid regions of Africa are forecast to become even drier. With sorghum, the line of research being pursued at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (Icrisat) is to develop strains which can survive drought.

One of the most exciting initiatives aims to make a fundamental modification to rice so it becomes more efficient at using the Sun's energy.


Traditional cross-breeding
Comparative genomics - analysing genes responsible for key traits
Marker-assisted selection - genetic and genomic analysis is used to select varieties to cross
Embryo rescue - plant-breeder's equivalent of special care baby unit, where embryos from difficult crosses are raised in special conditions
Genetic engineering

Rice is a so-called C3 plant. Other crops, including maize, use a better photosynthesis mechanism called C4, and Irri scientists aim to develop rice strains which also use the C4 mechanism.

"Boosting the photosynthetic efficiency of rice by changing it from C3 to C4 photosynthesis will be like supercharging a car's engine by fitting a new fuel injection system," said Irri's John Sheehy.

Despite reservations in other parts of the world, notably western Europe, genetic modification is becoming one of the staple tools of researchers aiming to enhance developing world agriculture.

"I can understand the opposition to GM, and I sympathise to a certain extent with it," said Dr Verchot.

"But in developing countries we're dealing with a crisis situation; and whatever tool is available, we need to apply it to that situation."

Fertile ground

Away from the field of crop improvements, CGIAR scientists will also be detailing approaches to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from farming.

One simple method which is proven, but which by no means all farmers are aware of, is no-till or minimum-till agriculture, where fields are ploughed and disturbed as little as possible. This keeps carbon in the soil rather than sending it into the air as carbon dioxide.


Nitrous oxide detectors can lower greenhouse gas emissions

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, and is released when fertiliser breaks down.

Scientists with Cimmyt and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Ciat) have developed a hand-held sensor using light and infra-red radiation which can tell farmers whether plants need more fertiliser or not; less fertiliser use means less N2O produced.

All this and more will be discussed at the Washington meeting, along with a key question - is enough money going in to fund the acceleration which the CGIAR believes is needed?

Louis Verchot answers with a simple statistic - CGIAR centres, with a mandate to find solutions for the whole of the developing world, have less to spend on research each year than France, for example, spends on research for its own farms.

"We're seeing awareness coming, we're seeing a shifting of resources, but we're clearly well below where we need to be," he said.

"It's much easier to solve a problem before we get to a crisis. With climate change we're definitely talking about a crisis, and it's coming within our lifetimes."


New research projects a northward shift of wheat-growing in North America. (Map is simplified because existing boundaries are highly complex.)